Dim Lighting Co. Essay Example

Dim Lighting Co. Essay Case Solution: The Dim Lighting Co. I. Problems: A. Macro 1. Will Dim Lighting be reactive? 2. Will Dim Lighting be proactive? B. Micro 1. Will Jim West be influenced by thoughts of what a second year of un-obtained targets will do to his career in making this budget decision? 2. West feels threatened every time Spinks does not receive his demands or â€Å"wish list. † II. Causes: 1. Previous unprofitable year. 2. Spinks’ past history of leaving a company that â€Å"lacked creativity and innovation†. III. Systems affected: . Structural – the structure is a traditional functional structure. This may not encourage the development of new products and ideas. 2. Psychosocial – other departments feel threatened by Spinks. Also, Jim West feels he is under pressure to improve the profit margins immediately. 3. Technical – both the production manager and Spinks want money to upgrade technical aspects of the company. 4. Managerial – West feels c aught between being innovative and trying to improve the bottom line immediately. 5. Goals and values – corporate headquarters does not seem to value risk taking and moving into new projects. If their rejection of the lighting proposal is indicative of their decisions, the company as a whole may become entrenched in old technology. IV. Alternatives: 1. Before making a budget decision, West should contact corporate offices to see if additional funds are available for RD. Spinks’ project would have a long-term effect on entire industry and possibly the parent company would contribute to the RD project. . If additional funds are unavailable, the budget committee needs to make some compromises and come to a consensus-it should not be an all-or-nothing proposition. Funds should be allocated for both RD and for upgrading essential equipment. 3. West should also ask the accountant, Preston, to make a three-tiered analysis of the project: (1) best-case scenario, (2) worst-case scenario, and (3) probable scenario. 4. West also needs to resolve his mixed feelings about the possibility of Spinks leaving. We will write a custom essay sample on Dim Lighting Co. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dim Lighting Co. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dim Lighting Co. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer West needs to approach Spinks, praising him for what he has accomplished in the RD department and asking him to help spread that high degree of morale across the company. West needs to make Spinks an ally rather than a potential deserter. V. Recommendations: 1. First try to obtain additional funds from parent company. 2. If additions are not available, obtain a consensus from the budget committee. Compromises will have to be made on length of time for RD projects, what equipment is needed, etc.

Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives

Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives By Maeve Maddox Sometimes readers ask for posts that would require superhuman powers on my part: Kindly produce an article containing all the exceptions for hyphenating compound adjectives, with examples. Hyphenation is not an exact science, and not all style guides agree on the rules. The chief purpose of hyphenating compound adjectives is to avoid ambiguity. Most modern usage authorities opt for what The Chicago Manual of Style calls â€Å"a spare hyphenation style†: 7. Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds In general, Chicago prefers a spare hyphenation style: if no suitable example or analogy can be found either in this section or in the dictionary, hyphenate only if doing so will aid readability. When Grammar Girl was chided for writing â€Å"noise canceling headphones† instead of â€Å"noise-canceling headphones,† she pointed out that leaving out the hyphen in that phrase â€Å"causes no ambiguity.† When one of my own readers called my attention to the unhyphenated phrase â€Å"19th century standardization of time† in a recent post, I decided to change it to â€Å"nineteenth-century standardization of time†- not because I think it ambiguous without a hyphen, but because Chicago is the style guide I’ve chosen for these posts. I failed to note that Chicago offers an analogy for hyphenating nineteenth-century before a noun: fourteenth-century monastery (7.85). Note: Chicago recommends spelling out numerals below 100, so I must also change 19th to nineteenth. The AP Stylebook, on the other hand, requires the spelling out of numerals ten and below. For AP, 19th century is correct. Still another stylebook, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation) offers this advice about hyphenating constructions like â€Å"nineteenth century standardization†: As important as hyphens are to clear writing, they can become an annoyance if overused. Avoid adding hyphens when the meaning is clear. Many phrases are so familiar (e.g.,  high school, twentieth century, one hundred percent) that they can go before a noun without risk of confusing the reader. Examples: a high school senior a twentieth century throwback one hundred percent correct Because practice varies, I wouldn’t begin to attempt to list â€Å"all the exceptions for hyphenating compound adjectives.† The best advice I can offer the reader who asked for such a list is this: Choose a style guide and follow its recommendations- advice I shall try to follow more carefully in future posts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Awoken or Awakened?Empathic or Empathetic?

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case analysis - Essay Example The NFL proposed a squad player salary of $ 1,000 per week. The union, however, insisted that the club owners give squad players benefits and protections similar to those provided regular players. After negotiations on the issue of developmental squad salaries reached an impasse, the NFL unilaterally implemented the developmental squad program by distributing to the clubs a uniform contract that embodied the terms of the program and the $ 1,000 proposed weekly salary. In 1990, 235 squad players brought suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the NFL and its member clubs, in which suit it was claimed that the employers' agreement to pay the squad players a $ 1,000 weekly salary violated the Sherman Act (15 USCS 1 et seq.). The District Court dismissed the petitioner's complaint. Thus, the case was brought to the Court of Appeals, which upheld the decision of the lower court. Petitioner then elevated the case to the Supreme Court on a writ of certiorari. A. The Supreme Court on certiorari said that the nonstatutory labor exemption shields from federal antitrust attack an agreement among several employers bargaining together to implement, after a collective bargaining impasse, the terms of the employers' last best good-faith wage offer. C. B. With respect to the application of the nonstatutory labor exemption to multiemployer collective bargaining, there was no basis for distinguishing football players from other organized workers. C. Stevens, J., expressed the view that neither the policies underlying the labor and antitrust statutory schemes, nor the purpose of the nonstatutory exemption, provided a justification for exempting from antitrust scrutiny collective action initiated by employers to depress wages below the level that would be produced in a free market. REACTION TO THE CASE The antitrust exemption applies to the employer conduct at issue here, which took place during and immediately after a collective-bargaining negotiation; grew out of, and was a directly related to, the lawful operation of the bargaining process; involved a matter that the parties were required to negotiate collectively; and concerned only the parties to the collective-bargaining relationship. The Court's holding is not intended to insulate from antitrust review every joint imposition of terms by employers, for an employer agreement could be sufficiently distant in time and in circumstances from the bargaining process that a rule permitting antitrust intervention would not significantly interfere with that process. The Court need not decide in this case

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) Research Paper

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) - Research Paper Example Overall this era set the foundation for what was to come ahead in form of Second world war and the cold war that followed afterwards. The inter war period can be termed as bridge era between the two major wars. It had its economic impacts, political, geographical and almost all important factors that determine the fate of any nation and region. This era can be stretched from the November 1918 and the most notable of those months and event was the Treaty of Versailles (Slavicek 2010), which according to many critiques and historians served as the reason towards the Second World War. The treaty of Versailles had its own importance and impact on the history. This treaty was full of many clauses and aspects which left deep animosity in the hearts of Germans. The lone clause of â€Å"war guilt† ( Ringer 2005, 72) served more severe than any. This clause had political, geographical as well as strategic repercussions. Areas of strategic importance were taken from Germany, large repar ations were imposed on them, their military might was cut to pieces and various other aspects which left bitter feeling in the hearts of Germans and made them resolve them taking revenge in upcoming years. The sick man of Europe, Turkey and the Ottoman Empire was on its last leg, and these days served its ending season. The empire officially came to an end (Al-Rasheed 2002, 2). As a result of defeat and ultimately treaty, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Turkey was reduced to a small unit. Turkey the former Ottoman Empire had to cede many areas and areas like Cyprus and Mesopotamia were separated from the Mega Empire and United Kingdom performed the honors and over took these areas. Other event that took place in parallel was that of creation of Irish state. While revolts and unrest had erupted couple of years back, but it has to settle down only at the end of the war, when Great Britain finally gave up to the demand of Irish people and allowed it creating its own borders and state with its over sovereign government and representation. Other notable event that took place the rise of Egypt and new state development in that part. While it had remained a colony and an occupied land in the 19th century under Napoleon and remained a land of strategic importance, eventually became independent from the status of British colony. The establishment of League of Nations was another major event that took place during the inter war period (Sengupta 2008, 173). The aim of this entity was to ensure no war of similar sort takes place again, it did pass number of resolutions, made some treaties, interventions were introduced, yet it could not live up to the expectation and seeing in a longer run, League of nation could not revert the deadly war that was awaiting the world and humanity. The Russian revolution in the name of socialism came into full force as well ((Smele 2006). This was the period of 1923 to 1924. As it is being said, that the first causality of war is humanity, it was the case in this regard as well. Much was invested over the military might, and the human suffering was exposed both in from of war and the inter period where the mighty nations spent more on ensuring mighty military than helping the poor. The soviet republic was a worse example in this regard and human suffering w

Relationship Between Globalization And Fashion Cultural Studies Essay

Relationship Between Globalization And Fashion Cultural Studies Essay With the first articles of clothing begin fashion. In the caves in the Middle Ages, then France, the high heel shoes were a sign that the person who wearing them belonging to aristocratic circles. This type of class affiliation when it comes to fashion can be seen today. Expensive fur coats and leather handbags are symbols of wealth and high fashion, financially inaccessible to medium and lower classes. The creators of the courts throught Europe have the force and made clothes for personal requirements of members of aristocratic circles. As the desire for beautiful, colorful and later grew, grew and the number of creators and the annual production of fashion items. Fashion has been passed on medieval Europe across borders through marriage contracts of the royal family and through retailers. However, it was hard to imagine a variety of fabrics, colors and designs of one part of Europe people at the other end of the continent. Development of fashion starts with chancing style and human trips all around the world. In Western Europe people start to change styles rapidly. In countries, which includes Japan, Turkey, Iran fashion is the same as last ten decades. Reasons are culture and religion. But on the West, globalization and money are reasons for every change in fashion industry. Many towns are recognized as a centers of global fashion because of all events in that towns. Some of them are Pariz, Milano, New York, London. The biggest names like Armani, Gucci made shows and revias in before named cities. London significant global city and it is considered as one of the biggest financial centers of Europe. Historical and cultural contributions maded on the whole of humanity is almost immeasurable, and it is known as a world center of fashion. With New York, Paris and Milano, London dictate the flow of movement in the fashion industry. The famous London Fashion Week is just one in a series of events whose fashion novelties copied the rest of the world. Burberry, Twenty Twelve, Vivienne Westwood, Topshop, Paul Smith, Stella McCartney are just some of the designers and fashion houses that have been heard almost everyone, and came from London. London is a city of casual atmosphere, perfect organization, innumerable cultural resources, but also a city known for great hospitality of its citizens. Globalization, in which the main task is to create a unique world, has a great influence in the creation and dissemination of fashion trends and general fashion. FASHION TRENDS Here are examples of some global trends, trends which are recognized in the whole world. The Converse All-Stars are popular shoes produced by the Converse company. They were produced for the first time it 1917 and were originally intended for the basketball players. The shoes were first popularized by basketball player Charles Hollis Chuck Taylor, and named after him. He became the first athlete whose name was protecting a fashion brand. The Converse All-Stars became very popular after World War II, and started to be produced in many different forms. The shoes became soon a symbol of youthful rebellion and an indispensable part of punk-rock culture. Benetton is a global fashion brand based in Italy. The name comes from the Benetton family, who founded the brand in 1965. Benetton has a network of 6000 outlets in 120 countries. Their range of clothing, footwear, fashion accessories is one of the most popular and best-selling worldwide, the company generates a total turnover of 2 billion euros. Benetton is known for its design, intense colours and is worn by all generations. The global fashion and lifestyle brand Ecko Ltd was established in 1993. by the fashion designer Marc Ecko. Although he started with only 6 ordinary T-shirt and spray paint, today this brand is focused on the global market and commercial success. Marc Ecko footwear combines high fashion and sport ideas into something completely new and original. His logo is a rhinoceros. Bershka is a Spanish brand of the street fashion for young people. It offers them a wide selection of clothes, shoes and accessories. Bershkas collection for girls is more oriented towards punk, rock and dance style. This type of clothes is for people with strong personalities and great courage to experiment with fashion wearing unusual styling. The most famous creations of the popular French fashion house Hermes Birkin has been a subject of desire of all celebrity trendsetters, but for many people it is unattainable. The story of the luxury handbag begins with the name of the British fashion icon, singer and actress Jane Birkin after which it was named. During an airplane flight in 1984 Jane Birkin was sitting next to Dumas, the director of the fashion house Hermes. Birkin placed her straw bag in the overhead compartment of her seat, but the contents of her bag fell to the ground, leaving her to struggle with finding her belongings to put back in her bag. Birkin explained to him that it was difficult to find a leather bag giving him an idea how it should look like. Shortly after that, the described bag arrived at her address with the message of Dumas. Today, the 61-year-old, Jane Birkin admits that The Birking bag become more glorious than herself. The prices of The Birking bag growth as well as the demand for them. The bags can be ordered in various sizes and colours. All The Birking bags are hand made respecting the specific regulations and using only the best quality leather, mostly the lizard skins, crocodiles, ostrich, buffalos, oxen, deer and goats. The metal parts of the purses are always made of gold, silver or other precious metals, a small padlocks and keys are coded and numerical. The Birkin bag is a confirmation of wealth and prestige and a symbol of the luxurious living. It is very popular among the celebrities. Three years ago one bag was sold for a whopping $ 64.800. The Spanish fashion house Zara is a global giant with more than 1600 stores in over 70 countries worldwide. This brand was founded by Spanish tycoon Amancio Ortega in 1975. Their annual earnings are now measured in billions of Euros. Zara produces clothes and shoes, fashion accessories and cosmetics. The owners of this fashion house announced an online shop to be in function soon. Croatia has now 3 Zara fashion houses. The British fashion house Burberry was founded in 1856. Burberry is known for its beige, red and black fabric design and expensive handbags. The company sells as well perfumes, sunglasses and watches. Burberry has currently over 70 shops worldwide. The brand is well-known and popular among British celebrities. The LOrà ©al Group is the worlds largest beauty and cosmetics company with the main office registered in Paris. Concentrating on hair colours, skin care, sun protection, make-up, perfumes and hair care, the company is active in the dermatological and pharmaceutical fields. LOrà ©al currently markets over 500 brands and many thousands of individual products in all sectors of the beauty business: makeup and fragrances, hair colour and hair styling, body and skin care, cleansers. LOrà ©al has five centers worldwide for research and development. LOrà ©als famous advertising slogan is Because I deserve it. FASHION MAGAZINES Fashion magazines are usually published once a month and they follow fashion trends around the world, criticize fashion shows and advertise products related to the world of high fashion. They have a big impact on the creation and expansion of fashion. First fashion magazine was published around 1586 in Frankfurt. The idea of leaflets with pictures appeared to show to one part of the world what was fashionable in another. That were usually one sided flyers with black and white illustrations of dresses or shoes. Later, fashion magazines had been pressed with included painted illustrations of dresses, hats, shoes, etc. That was a way of presenting fashion before photography was invented. With the development of color photography, fashion magazines have become more colorful and attractive. Every year, the creators and designers present their latest creations in fashion magazines. Topics in magazines range from high fashion to the latest make-up, perfumes and fashion bon-ton. World fashion magazines are published in many countries in different languages. This is a list of some fashion magazines aimed at female audiences: Vogue Cosmopolitan Elle Essence Ettelaat-e Banuvan Femina Flare Girlfriends magazine Glamour Harpers Bazaar In Touch Weekly Jane Life and Style Their goal is to affect their readers to choose the latest styles. People and times change so quickly and fashion magazines are becoming increasingly important in todays world of fashion. Something about Vogue magazine: Vogue magazine was launched in 1892 in the United States. It is considered as the most popular magazine in the world. Vogue is widely published fashion and lifestyle magazine, it is published in 18 countries and one region. Every month, announces theme of fashion, design and life. It is famous as a presenter of high fashion and society, it provides reports of a very popular fashion brands such as Dior, Prada, Chanel, Gucci, and its latest trends, but it also provides reports of lifestyle, politics, family, etc. It is so important to promote clothing in fashion magazines because fashion styles are continuously changing and consumers need to be informed. Fashion trends change and globalization is responsible for their rapid spread worldwide.

Robert Frost Essay -- essays research papers

He thought he kept the universe alone,† to most people the thoughts of being alone are very frightening. It is human nature to search for companionship. In the poem â€Å"The Most of It,† Robert Frost uses a wealth of strong imagery to tell a story of a person who has lost his loved one to death and has to suffer the feeling of loneliness and emptiness created by it. Frost uses the setting of a lake surrounded by a forest to convey a feeling of peace and of being alone to the reader. A man is sitting on the edge of the lake, crying out for someone, his echo being his only company. After time, a buck swam across the lake and appeared on the shore and abruptly runs into the brush, away from sight. Although the man only caught a glimpse of the deer for a short moment, it was long enough for him to feel that he was no longer alone, but had something there, even though it was not tangible. The clues given to the reader that someone has passed on are the words â€Å"wakeâ₠¬  and three lines down, the word â€Å"morning.† A wake can be many things; one is that it is a vigil that is held in honor of a person who has recently died. â€Å"Morning† can be taken as â€Å"mourning† and be seen as Frost grieving for a loved one. One also develops the impression that Frost is mourning a great loss, such as a sould mate, because of the line, â€Å"He would cry out on life, that what it wants/ is not its own love back in copy speech/but counter-love.† That quote shows the reader that the man was alone, so alone, that he â€Å"c...

Physical Education Essay

Physical education trends have developed recently[when? ] to incorporate a greater variety of activities besides typical sports. Introducing students to activities like bowling, walking/hiking, or Frisbee at an early age can help students develop good activity habits that will carry over into adulthood. Some teachers have even begun to incorporate stress-reduction techniques such as yoga, deep-breathing and tai chi. Tai chi, an ancient martial arts form focused on slow meditative movements is a relaxation activity with many benefits for students. see more:history of physical education in the philippines Studies have shown that tai chi enhances muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and provides many other physical benefits. It also provides psychological benefits such as improving general mental health, concentration, awareness and positive mood. It can be taught to any age student with little or no equipment making it ideal for mixed ability and age classes. Tai chi can easily be incorporated into a holistic learning body and mind unit. [2] Teaching non-traditional sports to students may also provide the necessary motivation for students to increase their activity, and can help students learn about different cultures. For example, while teaching a unit about lacrosse (in, say, Arizona, USA), students can also learn a little bit about the Native American cultures of the Northeast and Eastern Canada, where lacrosse originated. Teaching non-traditional (or non-native) sports provides a great opportunity to integrate academic concepts from other subjects as well (social studies from the example above), which may now be required of many P. E. teachers. The four aspects of P. E. are physical, mental, social, and emotional. [citation needed] Another trend is the incorporation of health and nutrition to the physical education curriculum. The Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 required that all school districts with a federally funded school meal program develop wellness policies that address nutrition and physical activity. [3] While teaching students sports and movement skills, P. E. teachers are now incorporating short health and nutrition lessons into the curriculum. This is more prevalent at the elementary school level, where students do not have a specific Health class. Recently most elementary schools have specific health classes for students as well as physical education class. With the recent outbreaks of diseases such as swine flu, school districts are making it mandatory for students to learn about practicing good hygiene along with other health topics. Today many states require Physical Education teachers to be certified to teach Health courses. Many colleges and Universities offer both Physical Education and Health as one certification. This push towards health education is beginning in the intermediate level, including lessons on bullying, self-esteem and stress and anger management. Research has shown that there is a positive corrolation between brain development and exercising. [4] Incorporating local indigenous knowledge into physical education can lead to many meaningful experiences and a way of learning about other cultures. For example by incorporating traditional knowledge from varying indigenous groups from across Canada students can be exposed to a many concepts such as holistic learning and the medicine wheel. A unit could be focused on connecting to a place or feeling while outdoors, participating in traditional games, or outdoor environmental education. These types of lesson can easily be integrated into other parts of the curriculum and give Aboriginal students a chance to incorporate their culture in the local school community [5] Studies have been done in how physical education can help improve academic achievement. In a 2007 article, researchers found a profound gain in student’s English Arts standardized testing students who had 56 hours of physical education in a year compared to like students who had 28 hours of physical education a year. [6] In Brazil, the physical education curriculum is designed to allow school pupils a full range of modern opportunities, dozens of sports and hundreds of carefully reviewed drills and exercises, including exposure to education with the use of pedometer, GPS, and heart rate monitors, as well as state-of-the-art exercise machines in the upper grades. Some martial arts classes, like wrestling in the United States, and Pencak Silat in France, Indonesia, and Malaysia, are taught to teach children self-defense and to feel good about themselves. The physical education curriculum is designed to allow students to experience at least a minimum exposure to the following categories of activities: aquatics, conditioning activities, gymnastics, individual/dual sports, team sports, rhythms, and dance. Students are encouraged to continue to explore those activities in which they have a primary interest by effectively managing their community resources. In these areas, a planned sequence of learning experiences is designed to support a progression of student development. This allows kids through 6th grade to be introduced to sports, fitness, and teamwork in order to be better prepared for the middle and high school age. In 1975, the United States House of Representatives voted to require school physical education classes include both genders. [7] Some high school and some middle school PE classes are single-sex. Requiring individuals to participate in physical education activities, such as dodge ball, flag football, and other competitive sports remains a controversial subject because of the social impact these have cases physical education programs have been cut. Technology use in physical education New technology in Physical education is playing a big role in classes. One of the most affordable and effective is a simple video recorder. With the use of a video recorder students can see the mistakes they’re making in things such as a throwing motion or swinging form. [8] Studies show that students find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing wrong, and then trying to correct it. [9] Educators also found the use of other technologies such as pedometers and heart rate monitors very successful, using them to make step and heart rate goals for students. [10] Other technologies that can be used in a Physical Education setting would include video projectors, GPS and even gaming systems such as Kinect, Wii Fit and Dance Dance Revolution. Projectors can be used to show students things such as proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of the classroom setting[11] Another type of technology that is commonly used in Physical Education is the use of pedometers. Pedemeters do not necessarily track how far a person is going, but it lets them know the number of steps they are making. It will let them know how many steps on average they are making and want to strive to get more the next class. [1] There are many lessons that you can use for many grade levels when you are teaching students to use a pedometer it is important to make it a game, especially for younger students. [2] Worldwide In Australia, physical education was first made a compulsory part of the curriculum in Victorian Government primary and secondary schools in 1981. The policy was outlined in a Ministerial Statement to the Victorian Legisaltive Assembly by the Minister for Educational Services, the Honourable Norman Lacy MP on 17th September. [3] In South Korea, it is mandatory for pupils to take 3 hours of PE through primary and secondary schools. [citation needed] In Portugal, pupils from primary school could optionally join PE as an extra-curricular activity. From middle school to secondary school, pupils must participate in PE classes 2 hours per week. [citation needed] In Singapore, pupils from primary school through junior colleges are required to have 2 hours of PE every week, except during examination seasons. Pupils are able to play games like football, badminton, captain’s ball, and basketball during most sessions. Unorthodox sports such as touchball, fencing, and skateboarding are occasionally played. In more prestigious secondary schools and in junior colleges, sports such as golf, tennis, shooting, and squash are played. A compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school once every year to assess the physical fitness of the pupils. [citation needed] Pupils are given a series of fitness tests (Pull-ups/Inclined pull-ups for girls, standing broad jump, sit-ups, sit-and-reach and 1. 6 km for primary [10-12 year-olds]/2. 4 km for secondary and junior college levels [13-18 year-olds]). Students are graded by gold, silver, bronze or fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional 2 months in the country’s compulsory national service if they attain bronze or fail. In British Columbia, Canada the government has stated in the grade one curriculum that students must participate in physical activity daily five times a week. Also the teacher is responsible for planning Daily Physical Activity (DPA) which is thirty minutes of mild to moderate physical activity a day not including curriculum physical education classes. The curriculum also requires students in grade one to be knowledgeable about healthy living. For example students must be able to describe befits of regular exercise, identify healthy choices that require them to be more physically active, and describe importance of choosing healthy food. [12] In Malaysia, pupils from primary schools to secondary schools are expected to do 2 periods or 1 hour of PE throughout the year except a week before examination. In most secondary schools, games like badminton, sepak takraw, football, basketball and tennis are available. Pupils are allowed to bring their own sports equipment to the school with the authorization of the teacher. In most secondary schools, physical exams are rarely done, but schools record pupils’ height, weight and number of push-ups they can do. [citation needed] In Scotland, pupils are expected to do at least two periods of PE in first, second, third and fourth year. In fifth and sixth year, PE is voluntary. [citation needed] In Ireland, P. E. is mandatory for all years. Unless, the school gives the option for a student to do the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme instead for fifth and sixth year. Indonesian high school students are playing traditional game â€Å"Benteng† In Indonesia, students ranging from Kindergarten to High School have PE integrated with their curriculum. Kindergarten until Grade 3 of Elementary students have gymnastics, starting from Grade 4 of Elementary School, students will be introduced into traditional martial arts Pencak Silat and some team games such as badminton, tennis, soccer, futsal, rounders, basketball, etc. Starting from Junior High School, Both gender are separated during PE class. PE find its place in extracurricular forms, where students can specialize themself in one kind of sports they choose. Sport Festival can be held during vacuum period, usually after examination. At this time students can compete each other by bringing own class’ flag. Some universities such as ITB include PE in curriculum for freshmen Some countries include Martial Arts training in school as part of Physical Education class. These Filipino children are doing karate. In the Philippines, some schools have integrated martial arts training into their Physical Education curriculum. [13][14][15][16][17] In England, pupils are expected to do two hours of PE a week in Year 7, 8 and 9 and at least 1 in year 10 and 11. [18] In Wales, pupils are expected to do only one hour of PE per fortnight. [19] In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least three hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education. [20] Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes at undergraduate courses. [21] In India, Physical Education is an important subject in schools. Many students chose Physical Education as a subject against Language Subject Like English, French, some time official language Hindi and some time local languages like Punjabi, because it is a very scoring subject and very interesting. [clarification needed] Assignments on Physical education increase the interest in Sports Educational Bodies in India like Central Board of Secondary Education and Punjab School Education Board are in those which conduct examination on Physical Education in affiliated schools and colleges. [citation needed] Many people see Physical Education as Physical Activity or Game. Physical Activity or Game is only a subset of the entire Physical Education Curriculum, however, physical activity or Game is the key foundation of a  successful PE program. In today’s high tech society, a successful Physical Education (PE) plays an important role in the physical growth and development of students in fighting against the sedentary lifestyle brought towards us through the convenience of new technology and devices. Through PE, students acquire the knowledge, skills, right attitudes and values towards the pursuit of a lifelong physically active and healthy lifestyle. It also provides an avenue for students to express themselves through movement and physical activity. The PE programme in Bina Bangsa school is design to allow the younger ones to enjoy physical activity in the first 2 years and as they grow in maturity, other components will be slowly added. The Bina Bangsa PE Programme is designed such that all students are given the opportunity to participate in a variety of physical activities such as sports and games and acquire the concepts and skills that will enable them to participate in these sports and games both for leisure and competition. In addition, PE provides a natural platform and valuable opportunities to develop self-management skills, social and co-operative skills, and build character. It serves to complement other educational areas in promoting the desired outcomes of education. In particular, PE helps to cultivate healthy habits, teamwork, resilience, high self-esteem and resolve. Physical education trends have developed recently[when? ] to incorporate a greater variety of activities besides typical sports. Introducing students to activities like bowling, walking/hiking, or Frisbee at an early age can help students develop good activity habits that will carry over into adulthood. Some teachers have even begun to incorporate stress-reduction techniques such as yoga, deep-breathing and tai chi. Tai chi, an ancient martial arts form focused on slow meditative movements is a relaxation activity with many benefits for students. Studies have shown that tai chi enhances muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and provides many other physical benefits. It also provides psychological benefits such as improving general mental health, concentration, awareness and positive mood. It can be taught to any age student with little or no equipment making it ideal for mixed ability and age classes. Tai chi can easily be incorporated into a holistic learning body and mind unit. [2] Teaching non-traditional sports to students may also provide the necessary motivation for students to increase their activity, and can help students learn about different cultures. For example, while teaching a unit about lacrosse (in, say, Arizona, USA), students can also learn a little bit about the Native American cultures of the Northeast and Eastern Canada, where lacrosse originated. Teaching non-traditional (or non-native) sports provides a great opportunity to integrate academic concepts from other subjects as well (social studies from the example above), which may now be required of many P. E. teachers. The four aspects of P. E. are physical, mental, social, and emotional. [citation needed] Another trend is the incorporation of health and nutrition to the physical education curriculum. The Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 required that all school districts with a federally funded school meal program develop wellness policies that address nutrition and physical activity. [3] While teaching students sports and movement skills, P. E. teachers are now incorporating short health and nutrition lessons into the curriculum. This is more prevalent at the elementary school level, where students do not have a specific Health class. Recently most elementary schools have specific health classes for students as well as physical education class. With the recent outbreaks of diseases such as swine flu, school districts are making it mandatory for students to learn about practicing good hygiene along with other health topics. Today many states require Physical Education teachers to be certified to teach Health courses. Many colleges and Universities offer both Physical Education and Health as one certification. This push towards health education is beginning in the intermediate level, including lessons on bullying, self-esteem and stress and anger management. Research has shown that there is a positive corrolation between brain development and exercising. [4] Incorporating local indigenous knowledge into physical education can lead to many meaningful experiences and a way of learning about other cultures. For example by incorporating traditional knowledge from varying indigenous groups from across Canada students can be exposed to a many concepts such as holistic learning and the medicine wheel. A unit could be focused on connecting to a place or feeling while outdoors, participating in traditional games, or outdoor environmental education. These types of lesson can easily be integrated into other parts of the curriculum and give Aboriginal students a chance to incorporate their culture in the local school community [5] Studies have been done in how physical education can help improve academic achievement. In a 2007 article, researchers found a profound gain in student’s English Arts standardized testing students who had 56 hours of physical education in a year compared to like students who had 28 hours of physical education a year. [6] In Brazil, the physical education curriculum is designed to allow school pupils a full range of modern opportunities, dozens of sports and hundreds of carefully reviewed drills and exercises, including exposure to education with the use of pedometer, GPS, and heart rate monitors, as well as state-of-the-art exercise machines in the upper grades. Some martial arts classes, like wrestling in the United States, and Pencak Silat in France, Indonesia, and Malaysia, are taught to teach children self-defense and to feel good about themselves. The physical education curriculum is designed to allow students to experience at least a minimum exposure to the following categories of activities: aquatics, conditioning activities, gymnastics, individual/dual sports, team sports, rhythms, and dance. Students are encouraged to continue to explore those activities in which they have a primary interest by effectively managing their community resources. In these areas, a planned sequence of learning experiences is designed to support a progression of student development. This allows kids through 6th grade to be introduced to sports, fitness, and teamwork in order to be better prepared for the middle and high school age. In 1975, the United States House of Representatives voted to require school physical education classes include both genders. [7] Some high school and some middle school PE classes are single-sex. Requiring individuals to participate in physical education activities, such as dodge ball, flag football, and other competitive sports remains a controversial subject because of the social impact these have cases physical education programs have been cut. Technology use in physical education New technology in Physical education is playing a big role in classes. One of the most affordable and effective is a simple video recorder. With the use of a video recorder students can see the mistakes they’re making in things such as a throwing motion or swinging form. [8] Studies show that students find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing wrong, and then trying to correct it. [9] Educators also found the use of other technologies such as pedometers and heart rate monitors very successful, using them to make step and heart rate goals for students. [10] Other technologies that can be used in a Physical Education setting would include video projectors, GPS and even gaming systems such as Kinect, Wii Fit and Dance Dance Revolution. Projectors can be used to show students things such as proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of the classroom setting[11] Another type of technology that is commonly used in Physical Education is the use of pedometers. Pedemeters do not necessarily track how far a person is going, but it lets them know the number of steps they are making. It will let them know how many steps on average they are making and want to strive to get more the next class. [1] There are many lessons that you can use for many grade levels when you are teaching students to use a pedometer it is important to make it a game, especially for younger students. [2] Worldwide In Australia, physical education was first made a compulsory part of the curriculum in Victorian Government primary and secondary schools in 1981. The policy was outlined in a Ministerial Statement to the Victorian Legisaltive Assembly by the Minister for Educational Services, the Honourable Norman Lacy MP on 17th September. [3] In South Korea, it is mandatory for pupils to take 3 hours of PE through primary and secondary schools. [citation needed] In Portugal, pupils from primary school could optionally join PE as an extra-curricular activity. From middle school to secondary school, pupils must participate in PE classes 2 hours per week. [citation needed] In Singapore, pupils from primary school through junior colleges are required to have 2 hours of PE every week, except during examination seasons. Pupils are able to play games like football, badminton, captain’s ball, and basketball during most sessions. Unorthodox sports such as touchball, fencing, and skateboarding are occasionally played. In more prestigious secondary schools and in junior colleges, sports such as golf, tennis, shooting, and squash are played. A compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school once every year to assess the physical fitness of the pupils. [citation needed] Pupils are given a series of fitness tests (Pull-ups/Inclined pull-ups for girls, standing broad jump, sit-ups, sit-and-reach and 1. 6 km for primary [10-12 year-olds]/2. 4 km for secondary and junior college levels [13-18 year-olds]). Students are graded by gold, silver, bronze or fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional 2 months in the country’s compulsory national service if they attain bronze or fail. In British Columbia, Canada the government has stated in the grade one curriculum that students must participate in physical activity daily five times a week. Also the teacher is responsible for planning Daily Physical Activity (DPA) which is thirty minutes of mild to moderate physical activity a day not including curriculum physical education classes. The curriculum also requires students in grade one to be knowledgeable about healthy living. For example students must be able to describe befits of regular exercise, identify healthy choices that require them to be more physically active, and describe importance of choosing healthy food. [12] In Malaysia, pupils from primary schools to secondary schools are expected to do 2 periods or 1 hour of PE throughout the year except a week before examination. In most secondary schools, games like badminton, sepak takraw, football, basketball and tennis are available. Pupils are allowed to bring their own sports equipment to the school with the authorization of the teacher. In most secondary schools, physical exams are rarely done, but schools record pupils’ height, weight and number of push-ups they can do. [citation needed] In Scotland, pupils are expected to do at least two periods of PE in first, second, third and fourth year. In fifth and sixth year, PE is voluntary. [citation needed] In Ireland, P. E. is mandatory for all years. Unless, the school gives the option for a student to do the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme instead for fifth and sixth year. Indonesian high school students are playing traditional game â€Å"Benteng† In Indonesia, students ranging from Kindergarten to High School have PE integrated with their curriculum. Kindergarten until Grade 3 of Elementary students have gymnastics, starting from Grade 4 of Elementary School, students will be introduced into traditional martial arts Pencak Silat and some team games such as badminton, tennis, soccer, futsal, rounders, basketball, etc. Starting from Junior High School, Both gender are separated during PE class. PE find its place in extracurricular forms, where students can specialize themself in one kind of sports they choose. Sport Festival can be held during vacuum period, usually after examination. At this time students can compete each other by bringing own class’ flag. Some universities such as ITB include PE in curriculum for freshmen Some countries include Martial Arts training in school as part of Physical Education class. These Filipino children are doing karate. In the Philippines, some schools have integrated martial arts training into their Physical Education curriculum. [13][14][15][16][17] In England, pupils are expected to do two hours of PE a week in Year 7, 8 and 9 and at least 1 in year 10 and 11. [18] In Wales, pupils are expected to do only one hour of PE per fortnight. [19] In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least three hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education. [20] Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes at undergraduate courses. [21] In India, Physical Education is an important subject in schools. Many students chose Physical Education as a subject against Language Subject Like English, French, some time official language Hindi and some time local languages like Punjabi, because it is a very scoring subject and very interesting. [clarification needed] Assignments on Physical education increase the interest in Sports Educational Bodies in India like Central Board of Secondary Education and Punjab School Education Board are in those which conduct examination on Physical Education in affiliated schools and colleges. [citation needed] Many people see Physical Education as Physical Activity or Game. Physical Activity or Game is only a subset of the entire Physical Education Curriculum, however, physical activity or Game is the key foundation of a successful PE program. In today’s high tech society, a successful Physical Education (PE) plays an important role in the physical growth and development of students in fighting against the sedentary lifestyle brought towards us through the convenience of new technology and devices. Through PE, students acquire the knowledge, skills, right attitudes and values towards the pursuit of a lifelong physically active and healthy lifestyle. It also provides an avenue for students to express themselves through movement and physical activity. The PE programme in Bina Bangsa school is design to allow the younger ones to enjoy physical activity in the first 2 years and as they grow in maturity, other components will be slowly added. The Bina Bangsa PE Programme is designed such that all students are given the opportunity to participate in a variety of physical activities such as sports and games and acquire the concepts and skills that will enable them to participate in these sports and games both for leisure and competition. In addition, PE provides a natural platform and valuable opportunities to develop self-management skills, social and co-operative skills, and build character. It serves to complement other educational areas in promoting the desired outcomes of education. In particular, PE helps to cultivate healthy habits, teamwork, resilience, high self-esteem and resolve.